A healthcare data analyst notices that one data set in the column for BloodPressure contains several outliers that need to be replaced with meaningful values. Which of the following data manipulation techniques should the analyst use?
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth
In data analysis, handling outliers is crucial to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the dataset.Outliers can significantly skew statistical analyses and lead to misleading conclusions. One common method to address outliers isimputation, which involves replacing missing or anomalous data with substituted values based on other available information.
Option A:Recode
Rationale:Recoding involves changing the values of a variable to a different set of values, often to simplify categories or to correct data entry errors. While useful, recoding is not specifically aimed at addressing outliers.
Option B:Impute
Rationale:Imputation is the process of replacing missing or anomalous data points with substituted values, often derived from the dataset's statistical properties, such as the mean, median, or mode. This technique helps maintain the dataset's integrity by ensuring that analyses are not biased by missing or extreme values.
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Option C:Append
Rationale:Appending involves adding new data to the existing dataset, either by adding new rows (records) or columns (variables). This process does not address the issue of outliers within an existing column.
Option D:Reduction
Rationale:Reduction refers to decreasing the size or complexity of the dataset, such as by aggregating data or removing unnecessary variables. While it can help in simplifying data analysis, reduction does not specifically target the treatment of outliers.
Which of the following analysis techniques is an unsupervised data mining process?
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth
Unsupervised data mining techniques are used to identify hidden patterns or intrinsic structures in data without prior labels or classifications. Among the options provided,clusteringis a primary unsupervised learning method.
Option A:Clustering
Rationale:Clustering involves grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (or cluster) are more similar to each other than to those in other groups. This technique is unsupervised because it doesn't rely on predefined labels and is used to discover natural groupings within data.
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Option B:Descriptive
Rationale:Descriptive analysis summarizes or describes the main features of a dataset, often through statistical measures or visualizations. While it provides insights into the data, it is not a data mining process but rather a preliminary step in data analysis.
Option C:Regression
Rationale:Regression analysis is a supervised learning technique used to model and analyze the relationships between variables. It requires labeled data to predict outcomes and is not considered an unsupervised process.
Option D:Predictive
Rationale:Predictive analysis involves using historical data to make predictions aboutfuture events. It often employs supervised learning techniques and relies on labeled datasets to train models.
An analyst wants to determine whether a relationship between an individual's age and voting preferences exists. Which of the following is the best statistical method for the analyst to use?
The Chi-squared test is used to analyze relationships between two categorical variables. In this case, age groups and voting preferences are both categorical variables, making chi-squared the most appropriate test.
A database administrator needs to ensure only approved users can access specific database tables to perform financial functions. Which of the following is the best access control method for the administrator to use?
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth
Access control is a critical aspect of database security. The best method for controllingwho can access financial databased onjob rolesisRole-Based Access Control (RBAC).
Option A (Role-based):Correct.RBAC assigns permissions based on a user's role within the organization (e.g., accountants can access financial data, but sales representatives cannot).
Option B (Rule-based):Incorrect. Rule-Based Access Control (RuBAC) enforces policies based on rules, such as time restrictions, rather than user roles.
Option C (Discretionary):Incorrect. Discretionary Access Control (DAC) allows individual users to grant permissions, which can lead to security risks in financial systems.
Option D (Group-based):Incorrect. Group-Based Access Control (GBAC) assigns permissions based on user groups, but RBAC provides finer control for financial functions.
A company wants to know how its customers interact with an e-commerce website based on clicks over items. Which of the following is the primary requirement for this report?
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